Mapangidwe a zodzikongoletsera nthawi zonse amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale yaumunthu ndi luso la nthawi inayake, ndikusintha ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono ndi chikhalidwe ndi luso. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya luso Western ali ndi malo ofunika mu Byzantine, Baroque, Rococo kalembedwe.
Zodzikongoletsera za Byzantine
Mawonekedwe: zoyikamo zagolide ndi siliva, miyala yamtengo wapatali yopukutidwa, yokhala ndi mitundu yolimba yachipembedzo.
Ufumu wa Byzantine, womwe umadziwikanso kuti Eastern Roman Empire, unkadziwika ndi malonda ake akuluakulu a zitsulo ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 400 mpaka 1500, ufumu wa Byzantium unali ndi chuma chambiri, ndipo malonda ake omwe ankakula mosalekeza padziko lonse, anapatsa miyala yamtengo wapatali yamtengo wapatali yamtengo wapatali yopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali ya ku Byzantium.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, teknoloji yopangira zodzikongoletsera za Ufumu wa Kum'maŵa kwa Roma inafikanso kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Zojambulajambula zotengera ku Roma. Chakumapeto kwa Ufumu wa Roma, mitundu yatsopano ya zodzikongoletsera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana inayamba kuonekera, kufunika kwa kukongoletsa miyala yamtengo wapatali kunayamba kupitirira golide, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, siliva wa ebonite ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri.
Golide ndi siliva mafupa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zodzikongoletsera za Byzantine. Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika bwino zopangira golide ku Byzantium inkatchedwa opusinterrasile, yomwe inali yopangira chigoba cha golidi kuti apange mawonekedwe osakhwima komanso atsatanetsatane okhala ndi mpumulo wamphamvu, njira yomwe idadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kuyambira zaka za zana lachitatu AD.
M'zaka za zana la 10 AD, njira yopangira burin enameling idapangidwa. Zodzikongoletsera za Byzantine zinabweretsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira iyi, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuwotcha chitsanzo chokhazikika mu tayala lachitsulo, kutsanulira enamel mmenemo kuti fanolo liwonekere pazitsulo, ndikuchotsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa maziko a enameled, mpaka pachimake.
Zodzikongoletsera zazikulu zamitundu zimayikidwa. Miyala yamtengo wapatali ya Byzantine inali ndi miyala yopukutidwa, yopindika, yopindika, yokhotakhota (cabochons) yokhala ndi golide woyengedwa, yopepuka kulowa mkati mwa miyala yopindika pang'onopang'ono kuti itulutse mitundu ya miyalayo, komanso kumveka bwino kwa miyalayo, mwaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso wapamwamba.
Ndi mtundu wamphamvu wachipembedzo. Chifukwa luso la Byzantine linachokera ku Chikhristu, kotero mtanda kapena kukhala ndi nyama yauzimu kungakhale wamba muzodzikongoletsera za Byzantine.
Zodzikongoletsera za nthawi ya Baroque
Makhalidwe: olemekezeka, amphamvu, amphamvu ndi okondwa, pamene akusefukira ndi ulemu ndi ulemu, kukongola ndi kukongola.
Mtundu wa Baroque, womwe unayambira ku France m'nthawi ya Louis XIV, ndi wokongola komanso wokongola. Panthawiyo, inali nthawi ya chitukuko cha sayansi ya chilengedwe ndi kufufuza kwa dziko latsopano, kukwera kwa gulu lapakati la ku Ulaya, kulimbikitsa ufumu wapakati, ndi kulimbana kwa gulu la Reformation. Chojambula choyimira kwambiri cha zodzikongoletsera za Baroque ndi Sévgé bowknot, zodzikongoletsera zakale kwambiri za bowknot, zobadwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1700. Wolemba mabuku wachifalansa wotchedwa Madame de Sévigé (1626-96) anapangitsa mtundu uwu wa zodzikongoletsera kukhala wotchuka.
Mkanda womwe uli pamwambapa ukuwonetsaenameling, ndondomeko wamba mu zodzikongoletsera Baroque. Kuwombera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya enamel pa golide kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17 monga luso laukadaulo lopangidwa ndi jeweler wotchedwa Jean Toutin (1578-1644).
Zodzikongoletsera za baroque nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zokongola za agora, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri enamel. Apa ndi pamene enamel yokongola inkapezeka nthawi zonse kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa zodzikongoletsera.
Njira yokongola iyi ndiyoyenerana makamaka ndi kafotokozedwe ka maluwa, ndipo m'zaka zonse za m'ma 1700, panali duwa lomwe lidapangitsa kuti ku Europe konse magazi aziwira ndikukumbukira. Ku Holland, duwa ili linali vumbulutso ku France: tulip.
M'zaka za zana la 17, atulipchinali chizindikiro cha anthu apamwamba, ndipo pamtengo wake wokwera mtengo kwambiri, babu ya tulip ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi nyumba yonse.
Mtengo uwu ndi wokwezeka, tsopano tili ndi mawu ofotokozera izi, zomwe zimatchedwa kuwira, ndi kuwira, zidzaphulika ndithu. Atangosweka kuwirako, mtengo wa mababu a tulip unayamba kukhala adyo, wotchedwa "tulip thovu".
Mulimonsemo, tulips akhala nyenyezi ya zodzikongoletsera za baroque.
Ponena za kukhazikitsidwa, iyi inali nthawi yomwe diamondi ankayikidwa mu golidi, ndipo musachepetse chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poika diamondi, chifukwa pofika zaka za m'ma 1800 diamondi za golide zinali kuchepa kwambiri muzokongoletsera za Rococo.
Zodzikongoletsera za nthawi ino chiwerengero chachikulu cha tebulokudula diamondi, ndiko kuti, mwala wa diamondi wa octahedral wodulidwa nsonga, ndi diamondi yakale kwambiri.
Kotero zodzikongoletsera zambiri za baroque mukayang'ana chithunzicho mudzapeza kuti diamondi ikuwoneka yakuda, kwenikweni, osati mtundu wa diamondi wokha, koma chifukwa mbali zake ndizochepa kwambiri, kuchokera kutsogolo kwa diamondi kupita ku kuwala sikungakhale kupyolera muzinthu zamagulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera kutsogolo komwe kumawonekera kumbuyo. Kotero ndiye chojambulacho chikhoza kuwonanso diamondi zambiri "zakuda", chifukwa chake ndi chofanana.
Mu luso la zodzikongoletsera, Baroque ikuwonetsa zotsatirazi: zazikulu, zowoneka bwino, zothamanga mwamphamvu, zosefukira ndi zapamwamba komanso zolemekezeka, zochepa ndi chikhalidwe chachipembedzo. Yang'anani pa mawonekedwe akunja a magwiridwe antchito, kutsindika mawonekedwe akusintha ndi mlengalenga wa kumasulira.
M'nthawi yakumapeto, kalembedwe ka ntchitoyo kamakonda kwambiri, konyansa komanso kokongola, ndipo adayamba kunyalanyaza zomwe zili m'mawonekedwe akuzama komanso osakhwima. Mawonekedwe a Baroque mochedwa adawulula kalembedwe ka Rococo muzinthu zina.
Zodzikongoletsera za Rococo
Makhalidwe: ukazi, asymmetry, kufewa, kupepuka, kutsekemera, kutsekemera ndi zovuta, "C" -mawonekedwe, "S" -makhota ozungulira.
Makhalidwe: ukazi, asymmetry, kufewa, kupepuka, kutsekemera, kutsekemera ndi zovuta, "C" -mawonekedwe, "S" -makhota ozungulira.
"Rococo" (Rococo) kuchokera ku liwu lachifalansa lakuti rocaille, kutanthauza zokongoletsera za miyala kapena zipolopolo, ndipo pambuyo pake mawuwa amatanthauza zokongoletsera za miyala ndi mussel monga mawonekedwe ake a kalembedwe. Ngati mawonekedwe a Baroque ali ngati mwamuna, mawonekedwe a Rococo amakhala ngati mkazi.
Mfumukazi Marie ya ku France ankakonda kwambiri luso la Rococo ndi zodzikongoletsera.
Pamaso pa Mfumu Louis XV, kalembedwe ka baroque inali mutu waukulu wa khoti, ndi lozama komanso lachikale, mlengalenga ndi wopambana, kunena mphamvu za dziko. Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800, malonda ndi malonda a ku France anakula kwambiri ndipo anakhala dziko lotukuka kwambiri ku Ulaya, kupatulapo ku England. Mikhalidwe yazachikhalidwe ndi zachuma komanso kupita patsogolo kwa moyo wakuthupi, pakukhazikitsa maziko a chitukuko cha rococo, akalonga ndi olemekezeka apamwamba, m'madera onse a France anamanga nyumba yachifumu yokongola, ndipo zokongoletsera zake zamkati ndizosiyana ndi zochititsa chidwi za baroque, zomwe zikuwonetsera maonekedwe a khoti lachikazi lachikazi, ndiko kuti, kuyang'ana pa tepi yofiira ndi yokongola, yokongola komanso yokongola. Maonekedwe a Rococo kwenikweni ndi mapangidwe a Baroque omwe amasinthidwa mwadala kukhala zotsatira zosapeweka.
Mfumu Louis XV analowa mpando wachifumu, mu February 1745 tsiku lina anakumana ndi kutengeka kwake kwa zaka zoposa makumi awiri za chikondi chenicheni - Akazi Pompadour, ndi izi Mayi Pompadour anatsegula Rococo kalembedwe wa nyengo yatsopano.
Zodzikongoletsera za Rococo zimadziwika ndi: zowonda, zopepuka, zokongola komanso zokongoletsa, zowoneka ngati C, zopindika ngati S komanso zopindika zopindika komanso mitundu yowala pakukongoletsa.
Rococo Art Deco imakoka masitayelo ambiri okongoletsa achi China, achi French ochokera ku China ma curve ofewa kwambiri, zadothi zaku China ndi matebulo ndi mipando ndi makabati kuti apeze kudzoza.
Zitsanzo sizinalinso zolamulidwa ndi mafano, zizindikiro zachipembedzo ndi zachifumu, koma ndi zinthu zachilengedwe za asymmetrical monga masamba, nkhata ndi mipesa.
Mapangidwe a kalembedwe ka Rococo kwenikweni ndi kalembedwe ka Baroque kosinthidwa mwadala kukhala zotsatira zosapeŵeka. Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za kalembedwe ka rococo zodzikongoletsera ndi abwenzi a zojambulajambula, akulimbikitsidwa kuti muwone filimu yoimira "The Greatest Showman". Filimu yonse kuchokera ku zodzikongoletsera mpaka kuvala mpaka kukongoletsa mkati zimasonyeza kwambiri makhalidwe ndi chithumwa cha kalembedwe ka rococo.
Zodzikongoletsera zamtundu wa rococo zimapangidwa ndi diamondi zambiri zodulidwa, zodziwika ndi maziko athyathyathya ndi mbali zitatu.
Kalembedwe kameneka kanakhalabe kotchuka mpaka cha m'ma 1820, pomwe idasinthidwa ndi kudula kwa mgodi wakale, koma sikunazimiririke konse, ndipo idakhalanso ndi chitsitsimutso m'ma 1920, patatha zaka 100.
Makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuukira kwa French Revolution mu 1789. Kenako munthu wina waung’ono wa ku Sicily anakhala Mfumu ya France, ndipo ameneyo anali Napoleon. Ankalakalaka kwambiri ulemerero wakale wa Ufumu wa Roma, ndipo kalembedwe ka rococo chachikazi pang'onopang'ono anachoka pa siteji ya mbiri.
Pamwamba pa zodzikongoletsera zingapo zodabwitsa komanso zokongola, ali ndi masitayelo osiyanasiyana, komanso amalola munthu kumverera chimodzi kapena china, makamaka Baroque ndi Rococo - Khothi la Baroque, Rococo zokongola. Koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kalembedwe kawo ka zojambulajambula, zakhudza kwambiri okonza kuyambira pamenepo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-03-2024